Porous Activated Alumina Based Sorbent for Lithium Extraction

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a method for preparing a lithium activated alumina intercalate solid by contacting a three-dimensional activated alumina with a lithium salt under conditions sufficient to infuse lithium salts into activated alumina for the selective extraction and recovery of lithium from lithium containing solutions, including brines.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application61/408,452, which was filed on Oct. 29, 2010, the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field of the Invention

The invention generally relates to the field of selectively removing andrecovering lithium from lithium containing solutions. More particularly,the invention relates to a composition, methods of preparing thecomposition, and methods of using the composition for the selectiveremoval and recovery of lithium ions from a lithium ion containingsolution, such as a brine, preferably without the removal of other ionsfrom the solution.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Approximately 75 to 80% of lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, andderivatives thereof are produced from lithium that is recovered frombrines, frequently via natural evaporative processes. The inventiondescribed herein is applicable to these and other such brine sources.

Geothermal brines are currently of particular interest for a variety ofreasons. First, many geothermal brines can be used to provide a sourceof electrical power due to the fact that hot geothermal reservoirs arestored at high pressure underground, which when released to atmosphericpressure, can provide a flash-steam. The flash-stream can be used, forexample, to run a power plant. In some geothermal waters and brines,associated binary processes can be used to heat a second fluid, whichcan provide steam for the generation of electricity without the flashingof the geothermal brine. Finally, many geothermal brines contain varioususeful and valuable elements dissolved therein, which can be recoveredand utilized for secondary processes.

It is known that geothermal brines frequently include various metal ionsdissolved therein, particularly alkali and alkaline earth metals, aswell as certain transition metals such as manganese, lead, silver andzinc, in varying concentrations, depending upon the source of the brine.Recovery of these metals is potentially important to the chemical andpharmaceutical industries. Typically, the economic recovery of metalsfrom natural brines, which may vary widely in composition, depends notonly on the specific concentration of the desired metal within thebrine, but also upon the concentrations of the various interfering ions,particularly silica, calcium and magnesium, because the presence ofinterfering ions can drastically increase recovery costs as additionalsteps must be taken to remove the interfering ions.

As lithium has gained importance as an element for use in variousapplications, such as for use in batteries and pharmaceutical compounds,research has focused on developing simple and inexpensive methods forthe recovery thereof. For example, Burba previously developed two- andthree-layer lithium aluminates for the recovery of lithium from brines.(See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,348,295 and 4,461,714; each of whichis incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). Certain priorart methods that employ packed columns for the recovery, however, sufferfrom many drawbacks, such as inefficient lithium extraction capacitiesand shortened lifetimes due to the slow deterioration and/ordisintegration of the particles.

It is known that different forms aluminum hydroxide (which may bepresent in crystalline, polycrystalline, polymorphic, or amorphousforms) and their intercalated compounds such as [LiX]₀₋₁[Al(OH)₃]₂,(wherein X is an anion) (hereinafter “lithium aluminum intercalates”, or“LAI”) can be used to selectively recover lithium values from brines. Intraditional two-dimensional layered structure aluminum hydroxides, thelayered structure facilitates intercalation of anions between thelayers, while the positively charged lithium cation can diffuse into thehexagonal cavities formed within the two dimensional layer structurethat readily accommodate ions the size of lithium.

While compositions prepared from two-dimensional forms of aluminumhydroxide can be used to extract lithium values from brines and otherlithium containing solutions, there currently exists the need for thedevelopment of improved methods and compositions for the selectiverecovery of lithium from lithium containing brines, particularlycompositions that are easy to synthesize, have a high capacity for theextraction of lithium, and have good long term physical stability.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Methods for the selective removal of lithium from lithium containingsolutions, such as brines, geothermal brines, salar (salt flat) brines,continental brines, including Smackover brines, oilfield brines, andhigh ionic strength solutions, are provided herein. Also provided aresorbent compositions and methods for preparing sorbent compositions forthe recovery of lithium from the various lithium containing solutionsdescribed above.

In one aspect, a method for preparing a composition for the recovery oflithium from a lithium containing brine is provided. The method includesthe steps of preparing a solid sorbent composition, which includes anactivated alumina lithium intercalate, by contacting or reacting alithium salt with a three-dimensionally structured porous activatedalumina under conditions sufficient to infuse the activated alumina withthe lithium salt, wherein the mole ratio of lithium to aluminum is up toabout 0.5:1.

In certain embodiments, the lithium salt is lithium chloride. In otherembodiments, the lithium salt is lithium hydroxide. In certainembodiments, the step of contacting the lithium salt with thethree-dimensionally structured porous activated alumina is performed inthe presence of a hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, borate, acetate,phosphate, fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide of an alkaline oralkaline earth metal, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments,the lithium salt is selected from lithium hydroxide or lithium chloride,and the step of contacting the lithium salt with the three-dimensionallystructured porous activated alumina is performed in the presence of acarboxylate, sulfonate, carbonate, bicarbonate, borate, acetate,phosphonate, or phosphate. In certain embodiments, the carboxylate,sulfonate, carbonate, bicarbonate, borate, acetate, phosphonate orphosphate is present as a buffer. In certain embodiments, the lithiumsalt is lithium hydroxide, and it is contacted with thethree-dimensionally structured porous activated alumina in the presenceof lithium chloride. In certain embodiments, the step of contacting thelithium salt with the three-dimensionally structured porous activatedalumina is conducted at a pH of greater than about 10. In certainembodiments, the contacting step is conducted at a pH of between about10 and 12, alternatively between about 11 and 12, alternatively betweenabout 11.1 and 11.7.

In certain embodiments, the alkaline or alkaline earth hydroxide isselected from lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide orpotassium hydroxide. In other embodiments, the activated alumina isamorphous. Alternatively, the activated alumina is crystalline. In yetother embodiments, the activated alumina is partially crystalline. Incertain embodiments, the activated alumina comprises more than onephase.

In another aspect, a composition for the recovery of lithium from alithium containing solution is provided. The composition includesparticulate sorbent material that includes an activated alumina lithiumintercalate composition, wherein the activated alumina lithiumintercalate composition is produced by infusing a three-dimensionallystructured activated alumina with a lithium salt(s) to produce aLiX/Al(OH)₃ solid having a mole fraction of lithium to aluminum of up toabout 0.5, wherein X is the anion of the lithium salt.

In certain embodiments, the lithium salt is lithium chloride. In otherembodiments, the lithium salt is lithium hydroxide. In certainembodiments, the particulate material has an average diameter of betweenabout 200 and 800 μm. Alternatively, the particulate material has anaverage diameter of between about 300 and 500 μm, alternatively betweenabout 400 and 700 μm, alternatively between about 350 and 650 μm.

In another aspect, a method for the removal and recovery of lithium froma lithium containing solution is provided. The method includes the stepof providing an extraction and recovery apparatus, such as a column,that includes a sorbent composition that includes an activated aluminalithium intercalate composition, wherein the composition is prepared bythe steps of contacting a lithium salt with a three-dimensionallystructured activated alumina and hydrochloric acid under conditionssufficient to infuse the activated alumina with the lithium salt(s),wherein the mole ratio of lithium to aluminum is up to about 0.5:1. Themethod further includes the step of washing the sorbent composition withat least one half bed volume of a wash solution comprising at leastabout 50 ppm lithium and supplying a lithium containing solution to theextraction and recovery apparatus and contacting the lithium containingsolution with the sorbent composition, wherein the contacting step issufficient to extract lithium chloride from the lithium containingsolution. The method can also include the step of monitoring the outputof the extraction and recovery apparatus to determine the saturation ofthe sorbent composition; and recovering extracted lithium chloride bywashing the sorbent composition with the wash solution.

In certain embodiments, the lithium salt is lithium chloride. Inalternate embodiments, the lithium salt is lithium hydroxide. In certainembodiments, the method further includes the step of contacting thelithium salt and activated alumina in the presence of a hydroxideselected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide, or calcium hydroxide.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an apparatus for use according to oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation showing the loading and unloadingof a column that includes a sorbent prepared according to one embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 3 is an X-ray powder diffraction pattern of one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 is an X-ray powder diffraction pattern of one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 5 is a comparison of the X-ray powder diffraction patterns ofseveral embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a comparison of the X-ray powder diffraction patterns ofseveral embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Broadly, in one aspect, methods are described herein for the preparationof novel compositions of highly lithiated intercalates of lithium salts,including lithium chloride, in three-dimensionally structured (porous)activated alumina, for the extraction of lithium salts, particularlylithium halides, from solutions and brines that include said lithiumsalts. As used herein, lithium salts can include lithium nitrates,lithium sulfates, lithium bicarbonate, lithium halides (particularlychlorides and bromides), and acid salts. In addition, in another aspect,novel methods for the selective extraction of lithium halides fromsolutions and brines that include said lithium halides are describedherein.

Suitable forms of three-dimensionally structured porous activatedalumina for use herein include, but are not limited to, α-Al₂O₃,β-Al₂O₃, γ-Al₂O₃, θ-Al₂O₃, χ-Al₂O₃, κ-Al₂O₃, ε-Al₂O₃, δ-Al₂O₃, AlO(OH),Al₄O₃(OH)₆ (pseudoboehmite), and the like, and combinations thereof. Incertain embodiments, only activated alumina having a metastable ortransition form of alumina, are utilized to prepare the highly lithiatedintercalates.

The present invention, in certain embodiments, provides a sorbentcomposition that includes an intercalate material that includes lithiumand a three-dimensionally structured (porous) activated aluminummaterial for use in the removal and recovery of lithium from solutions,particularly lithium salts from geothermal and other brines. Thepresently described activated alumina lithium intercalate sorbentcomposition advantageously provides a controllable and maximum allowablelithium to aluminum ratio, and a favorable structural form ofparticulate media, thereby providing increased capacity for removal andrecovery of lithium. In certain embodiments, the activated aluminalithium intercalate sorbent composition has a mole fraction of lithiumto aluminum in the range of about 0.1 to 0.3, and preferably up to about0.33. The ratio of lithium to alumina is critical in stabilizing thestructural form of the material and maximizing the number of lithiumsites available in the matrix for the loading and unloading of lithiumfrom a brine solution.

In certain embodiments, a three-dimensionally structured (porous)activated alumina is contacted or reacted with a lithium containingcompound, such as a lithium salt, for example lithium hydroxide, and incertain other embodiments lithium chloride, to form composite activatedaluminum lithium intercalate sorbent materials. It is understood, thatcertain reaction conditions may be necessary to promote reaction uponcontacting the activated alumina and the lithium containing compoundconcentration, reactant molar ratios, such as for example temperature,lithium and pH. The ratio of activated alumina to lithium salt can be1:1, alternatively about 1.3:1, alternatively about 1.4:1, oralternatively about 1.5:1. Furthermore, under certain conditions, theformation of the three-dimensional structure of the intercalatematerials occurs controllably with respect to the growth of thematerials, thereby resulting in materials having controlled sizes,shapes, and porosity, as compared with other lithium aluminumintercalate materials that are prepared using two-dimensional alumina oraluminum hydroxide. The fact that the rate of reaction between lithiumsalts and three-dimensional activated alumina can be regulated tocontrol the crystal growth of the resulting sorbent media enablesgreater lithium extraction efficiencies and physical stability, ascompared to lithium extraction media derived from two-dimensionalalumina aluminum hydroxide related materials.

In certain embodiments, the step of contacting the activated aluminawith the lithium hydroxide is done in the presence of a metal halide,particularly an alkali or alkaline earth metal halide, such as sodiumchloride or lithium chloride. In certain embodiments, the metal halide,for example lithium chloride, may not actually react with either theactivated alumina or the lithium salt, but the presence is believed toassist in the preservation of the structural integrity of the resultingcompound. It is believed that the metal halide, for example lithiumchloride, may act as a surfactant and may assist in preventingagglomeration of the resulting product. Generally, when the metalchloride is lithium chloride, it can be present in an amount of 1 to 30%by weight. In general, the mole ratio between the LAI, the metal halide,and the weak acid is about 1:1:1. In certain embodiments, the mole ratioof LAI to metal halide is between about 1:1 and 1:10, alternativelybetween about 1:1 and 1:5, alternatively between about 1:1 and 1:1.5,alternatively between about 1:1.1 and 1:1.4, alternatively between about1:1.1 and 1:1.3. The mole ratio of LAI to weak acid is between about 1:1and 1:10, alternatively between about 1:2 and 1:5, provided that themole ratio of LAI to metal halide is at least about 1:1.1. In certainembodiments, lithium chloride can be present in an amount of betweenabout 1 and 30% by weight (based upon the amount of lithium salt, suchas lithium hydroxide) that has been added, alternatively between about 5and 25% by weight, alternatively between about 5 and 15% by weight,alternatively between about 15 and 25% by weight.

In certain embodiments, the step of contacting the activated aluminawith the lithium salt, for example lithium chloride, is done at a pH ofgreater than about 7, preferably greater than about 10. In certainembodiments, the pH is between about 7 and 10, alternatively betweenabout 9 and 12, alternatively between about 9 and 11, alternativelybetween about 10 and 12, or alternatively between about 11 and 13.Alternatively, the pH is between about 7 and 11, or between about 10 and13. In certain embodiments, the pH during the contacting step is betweenabout 11 and 12, alternatively between about 11.25 and 11.75,alternatively between about 11 and 11.5, alternatively between about11.5 and 12.

In certain embodiments, depending on the structure or form of theactivated aluminum oxide that is commercially available, the activatedaluminum oxide may react with the lithium salt, for example lithiumchloride and lithium hydroxide, at different rates to form the newcomposite materials. Activated alumina materials can include amorphous,metastable, crystalline, partially crystalline, and polycrystallineforms. In certain embodiments, the activated alumina material caninclude more than one phase. In certain embodiments, certain polymorphicforms of activated alumina may not react with lithium hydroxide to asignificant extent, particularly alumina forms that have been heated totemperatures greater than 1000° C., or greater than about 1500° C. Incertain other embodiments, certain stable polymorphic forms of alumina(e.g., corundum), may be less reactive with respect to lithiumhydroxide, as compared with other polymorphic forms (e.g., γ alumina).Similarly, in certain embodiments, non-activated aluminum oxides mayreact slowly with lithium hydroxide (sometimes to the extent that it isdifficult or impractical to infuse lithium salts into such materials),as compared to activated/meta stable aluminum oxides, which can lead toimproved cohesive binding crystal growth of LAI platelets and therebyimprove lithium extraction efficiency. In certain embodiments, in partdue to the variances in reactivity of the different structures and formsof commercially available activated alumina, the products thereof mayexhibit differences in their ability to extract lithium from lithiumcontaining solutions.

In certain embodiments, the activated alumina can have a melting pointof greater than about 2000° C., preferably greater than about 2025° C.,even more preferably greater than about 2045° C. In certain embodiments,the pH of the activated alumina can be between about 4 and 10,preferably about 7.0±0.5, alternatively between about 7.2±0.5. Porevolume of the activated alumina can be about 90 Å, alternatively betweenabout 75 Å and about 110 Å. Bulk density of the activated alumina can begreater than about 800 kg/m³, alternatively about 850 kg/m³. The surfacearea of the activated alumina can be between about 100-600 m²/g,alternatively between about 150-350 m²/g, alternatively between about230-300 m²/g.

The resulting LAI product can be a particulate material having anaverage diameter of greater than about 75 μm. Alternatively, the productcan be a particulate material having an average diameter of less thanabout 700 μm. In certain embodiments, the resulting particulate materialhas an average diameter of between about 75 and 700 μm, alternativelybetween about 200 and 400 μm, alternatively between about 300 and 800μm.

As used herein, brine solution can refer to a naturally occurring orsynthetically prepared aqueous solution of alkali and/or alkaline earthmetal salt(s), wherein the concentration of salts can vary from traceamounts up to the point of saturation. Generally, brines suitable forthe methods described herein are aqueous solutions that may includealkali metal or alkaline earth chlorides, bromides, sulfates, borates,acetates, hydroxides, nitrates, and the like, including natural brines.Exemplary elements that may be present in the geothermal brines caninclude sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, lithium, strontium,barium, iron, boron, silicon, manganese, zinc, aluminum, antimony,chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, arsenic, mercury, molybdenum, nickel,silver, gold, thallium, radon, cesium, rubidium, vanadium, sulfur,chlorine, and fluorine, although it is understood that other elementsand compounds may also be present. Brines can be obtained from naturalsources, such as, Chilean brines, Argentinean brines, Bolivian brines,Salton Sea brines, geothermal brines, and sea water, or can be obtainedfrom other sources, such as oilfield brines (e.g., Smackover brines),mineral brines (e.g., lithium chloride or potassium chloride containingbrines), alkali metal salt brines, and industrial brines, for example,industrial brines recovered from ore leaching, mineral dressing, and thelike. The methods described herein equally applicable to artificiallyprepared brine or salt solutions, as well as waste water streams,provided that the salinity of the solution is sufficiently high (forexample, having a minimum concentration of at least about 1% by weightcommon salt), or the concentration of lithium salt is greater than about50 ppm, preferably at least about 100 ppm. It is understood that, incertain embodiments, the exact concentration of salt sufficient to driveto sorption of lithium into the lithium aluminate is dependent on theexact dissolved metal species and their concentrations present in thesolution.

In certain embodiments, the present invention can be used in conjunctionwith additional methods, including steps designed to first removingsilica from the brine. For example, in certain embodiments, the presentbrines contemplated for use herein can first be treated by known means,generally known as silica management, to first remove silica and/oriron, prior to the recovery of any lithium. In certain embodiments, thebrine or lithium containing solution can also be filtered or treated toremove solids or other elements that may be present in the solution,prior to the selective recovery of lithium.

As used herein, simulated brine refers to a synthetic brine that hasbeen prepared in an attempt to simulate the brine composition of variousgeothermal brine test wells found in the Salton Sea (Calif., U.S.).Generally, the simulated brine has a composition of about 280 ppmlithium, 63,000 ppm sodium, 20,000 ppm potassium, 33,000 ppm calcium,130 ppm strontium, 700 ppm zinc, 1700 ppm iron, 450 ppm boron, 50 ppmsulfate, 3 ppm fluoride, 450 ppm ammonium ion, 180 ppm barium, 160 ppmsilica (reported as SiO₂), and 180,000 ppm chloride. Additionalelements, such as manganese, aluminum, antimony, bromine, chromium,cobalt, copper, fluorine, lead, arsenic, mercury, molybdenum, nickel,silver, thallium, and vanadium, may also be present in the brine.

In certain other embodiments, matrices based upon activated aluminalithium intercalate sorbent compositions can be prepared by mixing thesorbent material with a polymer, plastic, or other organic or inorganicbinder material. In certain embodiments, the matrix preferably includesa polymeric material or binder that can be cross-linked. Typically, theresulting matrix can include a major portion of an activated aluminalithium intercalate, prepared according to the methods described herein,and a minor portion that includes polymeric, plastic, or other bindermaterial, which can serve as the matrix binder. In certain embodiments,the matrix includes between about 75% and 99% by weight of the activatedalumina lithium intercalate material, and between about 1% and about 25%by weight of the polymer, plastic or binder material. Alternatively, thematrix can include between about 60 and 80% by weight activated aluminaand between about 20 and 40% by weight polymer, plastic or binder,alternatively between about 70 and 90% by weight activated alumina andbetween about 10 and 30% by weight polymer, plastic or binder.

In certain embodiments, the polymer or plastic binder material employedin the preparation of the matrix materials can be selected from anysuitable thermoplastic or thermoset polymer material. Some of theinorganic binder may include, aluminates, silicates, silanes, metalalkoxides, metal hydroxides, titanates, zirconates, phosphate, polyaluminum hydroxyl chlorides, and several other forms of inorganicbinders, as well as combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, the polymer/plastic material and the sorbentcomposition can be mixed together and sintered at elevated temperatureto form the sorbent composition. In certain embodiments, pressure can beapplied to the mixture before, during, or after the sintering process.In certain embodiments, up to 10,000 psi can be applied to the mixture,with or without concurrent heating thereof. In certain embodiments,pressure of at least 2500 psi is applied. In alternate embodiments,increasingly greater pressures are applied to the mixture. The resultingsintered product is typically a solid, which can then be broken intosmaller pieces, preferably to form a plurality of particulates, for usein the extraction of lithium. Optionally, the solid sintered productscan be ground to a desired particulate diameter or size. In certainembodiments, the ground sorbent matrix can be separated, using forexample sieves, to provide multiple sizes or ranges of diameters of thesorbent matrix particles.

In certain embodiments, the sorbent-polymer matrix can be pressed in amold on any desired shape or size. In certain embodiments, thesorbent-polymer matrix can be cured and formed as a sheet or like shape,suitable for use as, for example, a cartridge filter wherein a lithiumcontaining solution is passed over and/or through the sheet for theextraction of the lithium containing ions. In certain embodiments,lithium infused activated alumina particles can be treated with bindersolutions/cross-linkers to further enhance the rigidity of the alreadyexisting structures.

In other embodiments, methods for the removal and recovery of lithiumusing materials prepared from activated alumina are provided. Generally,during use, the activated alumina lithium intercalate sorbent materialsprepared according to the above described methods can be washed with apredetermined amount of water to remove a portion of the LiCl from thesolids, thereby creating vacant sites that are available to receivelithium halides or other lithium salts from a brine or solution. Forexample, upon exposure to a solution or brine that includes lithiumchloride, the sorbent material can then accept lithium chloride ions.The initial wash water preferably includes at least a smallconcentration of LiCl. In certain embodiments, the wash water includesat least 100 ppm LiCl. In alternate embodiments, the wash water includesat least 150 ppm LiCl. In yet other embodiments, the wash water includesat least 200 ppm LiCl. In certain embodiments, the wash water mayinclude a salt, such as NaCl, KCl, or any other salt or non-ionic solutethat may be advantageous for a particular lithium salt extractionprocess. Typically, chlorides are selected due to their relatively lowcost, however it is understood that other halides can also be used. Incertain embodiments, divalent and trivalent salts are avoided.

After the vacant sites in the sorbent material have been exposed byrinsing with the wash water, the vacant sites can then be loaded with“new” LiCl or other salts by exposing the sorbent material to the brineor solution that includes LiCl or other lithium salts. In certainembodiments, the brine or solution does not include salts that willcompete with the extraction of lithium. As the LiCl in the brine orsolution contact a vacant site, the lithium ions are captured by thesorbent material and fill the exposed vacancies. After the sorbentmaterial is saturated with lithium salt, for example LiCl, the flow ofthe brine can be stopped. The captured LiCl can then be unloaded fromthe sorbent material by again washing the sorbent material with washwater, as described herein. In certain embodiments, as noted withrespect to the initial wash water above, the wash water includes a smallamount of LiCl present, such as at least 100 ppm of lithium, sufficientto ensure that at least a portion of the capture sites on the LAI matrixare filled with ions to prevent the sorbent material from collapsing.The process can be repeated many times, as desired

The loading and unloading of the sorbent material can be monitored bymeasuring the lithium concentration of the outlet of the column. Meansfor monitoring the concentration of the lithium can include ionselective electrodes, ion chromatography, or spectrometric analysis,such as atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy,and other means known in the art. The loading process is typicallyfairly efficient, such that at least 50% of the lithium ions in thebrine or solution are captured by the sorbent material, preferably atleast 75% of the lithium ions in the brine or solution are captured bythe sorbent material. As such, a rapid increase in the lithium ionconcentration at the outlet of the sorbent material is indicative ofsaturation of the column. Similarly, when recovering the lithium ionsfrom the sorbent material, as the process is proceeding and ions arebeing removed, a sudden decrease in the concentration thereof can beindicative of the removal of a majority of the ions captured by thematerial.

In certain embodiments, the sorbent material prepared according to thepresent methods has an extraction capacity suitable for use in brineshaving a lithium concentration similar to that of the Hudson Ranchgeothermal brines, i.e., a lithium concentration of about 300 ppm, of atleast about 1 mg of lithium per gram of the sorbent material, preferablyat least about 2 mg of lithium per gram of the sorbent material, evenmore preferably at least about 3 mg of lithium per gram of the sorbentmaterial. The extraction capacities may be larger for brines containinghigher concentrations of lithium.

In another aspect, an alternate sorbent material and method forpreparing same are provided. In certain embodiment, the hydroxyl form ofthe LAI material prepared as previously described can be neutralizedwith inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid or nitric acid.Alternatively, the hydroxyl form of the LAI material prepared aspreviously described can be neutralized with a weak acid or buffer, suchas carboxylic acids, for example acetic acid, boric acid, phosphonicacid, phosphoric acid, sulfonic acid, carbonic acid and bicarbonic acid,in presence of a metal halide, such as concentrated lithium chloridesolution. As used herein, buffer is used to refer to a composition thatis capable of maintaining the pH of a solution within a certain definedrange. For example, in certain embodiments, the neutralization of theintercalate material is preferably conducted such that at equilibrium,the pH is not less than about 2.5, alternatively between about 4 and 6,alternatively between about 3 and 5, alternatively between about 4 and5. Certain buffers can include weak acids, such as acetic acid.Exemplary LAI acidification buffers can include carboxylates(particularly acetates), sulfonates, phosphates, phosphonates, acetates,borates, carbonates, bicarbonates, and the like.

In general, it is preferred that the neutralization is performed attemperatures of less than about 60° C., alternatively at or below about40° C., alternatively about room temperature. The neutralization stepgenerally includes removing the liquid from the reaction of theactivated alumina and lithium salt, adding an aqueous solution thatincludes the weak acid buffer or dilute strong acid and metal halide,optionally agitating the solution, and monitoring the pH change.Generally, the pH is initially high, such as greater than about 10, orin certain embodiments, greater than about 11. Gradually, uponcontacting the LAI composition, the pH decreases to less than about 7,alternatively less than about 6, alternatively less than about 5, oralternatively less than about 4. After the pH has stabilized, which canbe over a period of several hours, the solution added for neutralizationis removed, the product is washed with water, and dried. Thisneutralization step can lead to the formation of a high performancechloride form of LAI material having lithium loading capacities ofbetween about 4.0-5.0 mg/L, lithium concentrations in the product cut,3.5-5 wt % and divalent metal impurity of around 1% of lithium carbonateequivalent in the product cut. The product has been shown to beparticularly amenable to scale-up.

Without wishing to be being bound by any particular theory, it isbelieved that neutralization of the LAI material with a combination of alithium chloride solution and weak acid buffer, such as acetic acid,helps to prevents the formation of unwanted high molecular weight (orpolymeric) aluminum hydroxy chlorides, which, once formed, may attractdivalent metal cations as impurities during usage in the lithiumextraction process. In certain embodiments, the weak acid buffersolution utilized for the neutralization of the LAI material can includeup to about 30% by weight lithium chloride, alternatively between about2 and 7% by weight lithium chloride, alternatively between about 5 and12% by weight, alternatively between about 10 and 15% by weight lithiumchloride.

Neutralization of LAI with Organic Acids.

In certain embodiments, the LAI can be neutralized with a weak acidbuffer, such as acetic acid, in presence of concentrated lithiumchloride containing solution. In certain embodiments, the molar ratiobetween the LAI material and the acetic acid can range between about1:0.75 and about 1:10. In certain embodiments, a relatively lowconcentration of lithium chloride, for example up to about 10% byweight, alternatively up to about 5% by weight, alternatively betweenabout 5 and 10% by weight, is required. An excess amount of lithiumchloride from the concentrated lithium chloride containing solution maypreclude potential intercalation of acetate anions and promote ionexchange between hydroxyl and chloride groups. Further, neutralizationwith a weak acid buffer, such as acetic acid, may prevent the formationof high molecular weight aluminum hydroxide byproducts that can attractimpurities during lithium extraction process. In certain embodiments, a30% aqueous lithium chloride solution was utilized. It was found thatthe amount of the weak acid buffer, for example acetic acid, used toneutralize the LAI, could be between about 1:0.5 and 1:1.25 molarequivalents, although in certain embodiments the presence of excess weakacid buffer (for example, 5-10 times the required amount) does notresult in negative effects, provided the weak acid buffer solution, forexample acetic acid, is buffered with a metal chloride solution, such aslithium chloride solution. Acetic acid utilized for the neutralizationof the sorbent proceeds normally without dissolving significantquantities of the sorbent material. Performance of the resultingmaterial for the extraction of lithium was not affected.

In certain embodiments, the sorbent material can be prepared usingsolution that includes an acetic acid buffer and lithium chloride forthe neutralization thereof. In certain embodiments, the neutralizationcan be carried out in a column. In certain embodiments, various organicacids can be utilized for the neutralization of the LAI with in presenceof metal halides to generate different organic salt byproducts. Forexample, lithium acetate, sodium acetate, and calcium acetate can begenerated as byproducts using acetic acid and lithium chloride, sodiumchloride, and calcium chloride as the metal salts, respectively.Similarly, in certain embodiments, it may be possible to use otherorganic acids (e.g., methyl sulfonic acid, propionic acid) to similarlyproduce the corresponding organic metal salts.

In certain embodiments, the neutralization of LAI with a weak acidbuffer and metal halide, such as acetic acid and a concentrated lithiumchloride containing solution, offers several advantages over certainother methods for the preparation of the sorbent for material. Forexample, the product resulting from the acetic acid neutralizationdemonstrates higher lithium loading capacities (e.g., capacities thatare greater than about 4.2 mg/L); reduced impurities in the product cut(<1% LCE); consistent and reliable exchange of hydroxyl groups withchlorides; reduction of unwanted byproducts; the ability to conduct theneutralization on a large scale in a column; the formation ofpotentially valuable organic-metal salts byproducts (e.g., lithiumacetate); and the avoidance of the use of corrosive acids for sorbentsynthesis.

Referring now to FIG. 1, an exemplary laboratory apparatus for thecapture and recovery of lithium ions from a solution or brine isprovided. Apparatus 100 includes first vessel 102 for holding a wash(strip) solution and second vessel 104 for the brine or lithiumcontaining solution. Solenoid valves 103 and 105 are connected tocomputer 108 and control the input of fluid, i.e., brine or washsolution. Apparatus 100 can further include digital peristaltic pump 106(DPP). Computer 108 can be coupled to various instruments, such as DPP106, and solenoid valves 103 and 105, is a component of apparatus 100,and can be programmed to control the action of the DPP and solenoidvalves. Apparatus 100 further includes first sorbent material column 110and second sorbent material column 112. Wash liquids and excess brineare collected in bulk collection vessel 114, and lithium ion producedcan be recovered in sequential aliquots in product collectionfractionator 116. As is understood, apparatus 100 may also includevarious heat exchangers, valves, and filters, for the control of theprocess.

Apparatus 100 includes two columns, 110 and 112 respectively, which arepreferably packed with the sorbent material, typically as particulatematter, according to the present invention. It is understood that theapparatus can include a single column, or can include multiple columns.Glass wool, filters, or the like can be used at the top and bottom ofthe column to ensure that the sorbent material, or fines thereof, arenot washed out of the column. In operation, columns 110 and 112 areoperated in parallel, although in certain embodiments the columns can bealternated such that while one column is being loaded, the second columnis being unloaded or equally in series. Systems are also contemplatedthat operate in a merry-go-round system having at least 3 columns,wherein two of the columns are in series and one column is beingregenerated. After the first column in series is fully loaded, the firstcolumn switches to being regenerated. The second column then becomes thefirst column in series, and the column that was originally beingregenerated becomes the second column in series, thus ensuring completeand efficient use of all the lithium capacity of the sorbent.

For example, during the loading of first column 110, brine from vessel104 is supplied via line 122 to solenoid valve 103, and can then besupplied via line 124 to DPP 106. The brine is then supplied from DPP106 via line 126 to first column 110, where the brine contacts thesorbent material, which is operable to remove lithium ions from saidbrine. Excess brine solution, and brine solution that has had lithiumions removed therefrom is recovered in collection vessel 114 via line128.

Simultaneously, second column 112, which can be saturated with lithiumions, can be unloaded. Wash solution from vessel 102 can be supplied vialine 130 to solenoid valve 105, and then supplied to DPP 106 via line134. Wash solution is then supplied via line 136 to second column 112,where it contacts the sorbent material and removes lithium ionssaturated thereon. A wash solution that is rich in lithium, as comparedwith the wash solution contained in vessel 102, is recovered in productcollection fractionator 116, via line 142. Valves 131 and 133 controlthe flow of the output from first column 110 and second column 112 tocollection vessel 114 and product collection fractionator 116,respectively.

As can be seen in FIG. 1, the operations of first and second columns 110and 112 can be reversed and the first column can then be supplied withwash water for recovery of lithium ions and the second column can thenbe supplied with a brine solution for the removal of lithium therefrom.

Referring now to FIG. 2, the exemplary performance of a column whichincludes sorbent material (prepared according to Example 3, below), asshown by the lithium concentration of the liquid exiting the columnduring the loading and unloading thereof, is provided. The column isloaded with approximately 10.8 mL of a granular sorbent having anaverage particle diameter of between about 0.3 and 0.8 mm consisting oflithium chloride infused activated alumina.

During the loading step, approximately 13 bed volumes (i.e.,approximately 140 mL, thirteen times the volume of the column) of asimulated brine having a lithium concentration of between about 284 mg/Land about 310 mg/L were supplied to the column. The output stream fromthe column during loading had a lithium concentration of between about10 and 50 mg/L, in the first 4 to 5 bed volumes, corresponding to thecapture of between about 83% and 96% of the lithium present in the feedsolution.

Unloading of the column is achieved by supplying approximately 2 bedvolumes (i.e., approximately 20 mL) of a lithium strip solution (i.e., asolution having a LiCl concentration of approximately 6,000 mg/L). Theoutput stream had a maximum LiCl concentration of about 21,000. Theloading and unloading of the column was repeated more than 20 times,with repeatable results of the capture of between approximately 95% ofthe LiCl present in the brine solution.

Referring now to FIG. 2, the loading and unloading of the sorbent in thecolumn is shown. (FIG. 2 shows cycles 5 and 6 of a total of 21consecutive cycles of loading and unloading the column). The Figureshows two full loading-unloading cycles of the column, with lithiumconcentration of the liquid exiting the column in mg/L plotted on theY-axis and bed volumes of liquid supplied to the column on the X-axis.Point 10 of FIG. 2 indicates the midpoint of an unloading cycle for thecolumn. From point 10 to point 12 of FIG. 2, the brine (loadingsolution) is supplied to the column and is replacing the strip solution(unloading solution). Between points 12 and 14 of FIG. 2, the brinecontaining lithium is exiting the column. Between points 12 and 14 theconcentration of lithium in the liquid exiting the column is relativelylow, typically much less than the concentration of the strip solution.After point 14 of FIG. 2, the concentration of lithium exiting thecolumn increases. At point 14 of FIG. 2, the solution being fed to thecolumn is switched from the lithium containing brine solution tostripping solution (having a lithium concentration of about 1000 mg/L)and a total of 2 BV is passed through the column. In general, the amountof lithium that is unloaded or stripped from the column is close to theamount of lithium that is extracted from brines, such that lithiumextraction efficiency is maximized/optimized, without compromising thestructural integrity of the media. At point 18 of FIG. 2, the stripsolution is switched back to the lithium containing brine loadingsolution and 20 through 22 to the end of the plot represent anothercomplete cycle.

Still referring to FIG. 2, at point 12, a lithium recovery cycle hasbeen completed and the column is empty or only has negligible lithiumcontent, and loading of the lithium begins. At approximately point 14,supply of the lithium containing brine solution to the column stops. Atpoint 14, loading of the column with lithium has been completed, andremoval of the captured lithium begins. At point 16 of FIG. 2, afterapproximately 1 bed volume of the “release” solution has been applied,the concentration of the lithium being removed from the columnincreases. At point 18, the concentration of the lithium salt in the“release” solution begins to decrease. At point 20 of FIG. 2, the columnhas been completely unloaded, and the loading cycle of the column beginsagain. After point 20, the column is again exposed to the brine solutionfor the capture of lithium ions. As the column is exposed to increasingvolumes of the brine solution, the lithium is loaded onto the column.After complete loading of the column, at a point that is approximately 1bed volume of liquid before point 22 on FIG. 2, exposure to the brinesolution is stopped and the “release” solution is applied to the column.At point 22, the lithium that had been retained on the column isreleased, as shown by the increased lithium production from the column.Thus, two “loading” and “unloading” cycles of the column have beenshown.

In certain embodiments, the sorbent material is capable of being cycledat least 1500 cycles without a noticeable decrease in the performance ofthe matrix, preferably at least about 6000 cycles without a noticeabledecrease in the performance of the sorbent material.

In addition to demonstrating repeated loading and unloading of thesorbent material, with consistent extraction and recovery of lithium,the pressure drop across the sorbent material column was also studied.As is understood in the art, in certain embodiments, it can beadvantageous to operate the extraction columns with as low a pressuredrop as is possible. It has been demonstrated that a column thatincludes an extraction material that includes the sorbent materialdisplayed a pressure drop of less than about 15 psi/m of column bed over550 loading and unloading cycles.

EXAMPLES Example 1

In one embodiment, the lithium aluminate can be prepared as follows.

To an appropriately sized metal or plastic container capable of beingheated to a temperature of about 100° C. is added and mixedapproximately 1 kg of unfractionated Alcoa aluminum trihydrate (Al(OH)₃)and LiOH.H₂O, in a ratio of approximately 2 moles of aluminum toapproximately 1.05 moles of lithium, and about 0.8 kg of deionizedwater. The ratio of activated alumina to lithium hydroxide can generallyvary between about 1:1 and 1.5:1. The mixture is heated in an oven at atemperature of about 60° C. until the hydroxide concentration, asdetermined by titration, indicates that at least about 93% of thehydroxide present has reacted. The mixture is removed from heat, cooledto room temperature and approximately 0.8 kg of water is added to themixture. The resulting mixture is then neutralized using hydrochloricacid over a period of at least 2 hours to achieve a pH of between about6.5 and 7.5. The resulting solid is filtered and dried.

Example 2 Preparation of Particulate PVDF/LAI Matrix

Approximately 1.47 g of polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer (Kynarflex2821) and approximately 27.56 g of the LAI powder (as prepared inExample 2, above) were placed in a plastic jar and mixed using amechanical stirrer, at increasingly higher speeds, 1000-5000 rpm, over aperiod of about five minutes. The resulting mixed matrix powder wasplaced in a frame having two Teflon lined metal plates. The powdermixture in the press frame was placed in a hydraulic press and subjectedto approximately 3500 psi pressure for approximately three minutes,released, subjected to approximately 4000 psi of pressure forapproximately, released, subjected to approximately 5000 psi of pressureand a temperature of about 360° C. for approximately 3 minutes,released, subjected to approximately 10,000 psi of pressure and atemperature of about 360° C. for approximately 3 minutes, and released.The assembly was then subjected to approximately 3500 psi of pressurefor about 2-3 minutes. The resulting sintered block was then broken intolarge granulates using a hammer. The resulting granulates were separatedusing sieves into three groups consisting of a first group having adiameter of between about 300 and 450 m, a second fraction having adiameter between about 180 and 300 μm, and a third fraction having adiameter of between about 100 and 180 μm.

Example 3

Approximately 10.0 g of activated alumina (Dynamic Adsorbents, USA),having a particle size of less than about 400 microns was reacted with45 mL of a solution of 10% lithium hydroxide monohydrate at atemperature of about 85-90° C. for approximately 3 hours. The mixturewas stirred occasionally during the reaction to promote uniform crystalgrowth of the expanding aluminum oxide particles. After the reaction wascomplete, while the volume of the media was found to be increased, theparticles retained structural integrity. The final product wasthoroughly washed with water and titrated with 2N HCl until the pH ofthe solution was close to neutral. The final yield of the product wasabout 17.8 g. X-ray powder diffraction of the final product is shown inFIG. 3.

Example 4

Activated alumina derived sorbent composite particles prepared accordingto the method described in Example 3, having a diameter of between about300-800 microns, was tested for extraction of lithium ions from asynthetic geothermal brine (wherein the brine is designed to simulatethe geothermal fluids found at the Salton Sea, Calif., having lithiumconcentration of about 300 mg/L) using a column with 1 cm internaldiameter. The preliminary loading/unloading was conducted at hightemperatures 95° C., which indicates that the loading capacity of thesorbent composite exceeds about 3-3.7 g/L. This compares favorably tothe materials prepared with two-dimensional alumina, which has a loadingcapacity of about 1.3 g/L, under the given experimental conditions.Thus, sorbent materials generally have capacities at least 50% greater,preferably about 66% greater, or even at least 100% greater than similarmaterials prepared using two-dimensional alumina materials.

Example 5

Approximately 10 g of activated alumina (Dynamic adsorbents, GA), havinga particle size of less than about 400 microns, was initially heated upto 700° C. for a period of about 3 hours to ensure that the material isfully dehydrated and has phase purity prior to adding 50 mL of 10%lithium hydroxide monohydrate solution. The reaction was carried at80-90° C. for 30-40 hours. It is believed that the extended heating ofthe aluminum oxide (prior to reacting with lithium hydroxide) mayprolong the reaction time, and may alter crystal growth properties. Thefinal product had a mass of about 21 g.

Example 6

Approximately 100 g of 8-14 mesh activated alumina granules (FisherScientific, USA) was reacted with 450 mL of a 10% solution of lithiumhydroxide monohydrate at about 90° C. for about 3 hours. The volume ofthe granules enhanced significantly following the reaction and the finalweight of the product was around 200 g. The x-ray powder diffractionspectrum of the product is shown in FIG. 4.

Example 7

Approximately 20 g of 8-14 mesh activated alumina (Fisher Scientific,USA) was added to 50 mL of a 40% by weight solution of lithium chloride,and was heated at about 90° C. for about 12 hours. The final product waswashed and dried to produce 32 g of product, having a bulk density ofabout 1.16 g/cc. The x-ray powder diffraction, shown as a stacked plotin FIG. 5, indicated the conversion of alumina into LAI composite (ascompared against other known forms of LAI). In FIG. 5, from the top, thespectra corresponds to the product prepared according to Example 6. Thenext two spectra correspond to lithium salt infused activated aluminaprepared using activated alumina (Dynamic Adsorbents), and the bottomtwo spectra correspond to LAI materials deposited on activated aluminausing polyaluminum hydroxyl chloride.

Example 8

Approximately 10 g of 100 mesh alumina (Sigma-Aldrich, m.p. 2038° C.,batch #0399611) was added to 45 g of 10% by weight solution of lithiumhydroxide and was heated at about 90° C. for about 24 hours. No reactiontook place under these conditions, as the weight of alumina remainunchanged and the lack of reaction confirmed by comparing SEM images ofthe starting material and the reaction product).

Example 9

Approximately 11 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate and 11 g ofanhydrous lithium chloride were dissolved in approximately 225 mL ofwater at room temperature. To this lithium salt solution, approximately50 g of activated alumina was added slowly and the reactants were keptin an oven at 95° C. for 6 hours. The yield of the hydroxyl form of LAIwas found to be close to 85 g. A portion of this final product,approximately 30 g was neutralized using about 45 g of a 30% lithiumchloride solution mixed with 5 g of acetic acid. The final pH of thesolution reached a steady state of about 4.2 in about one hour. Theresulting solid product was washed with water and dried. The lithiumextraction capability of the final product was tested in a column, asprovided for the previous examples, having a lithium extraction capacityin the range of between about 4 and 5 g/L. The final product wasanalyzed and determined to have an impurity content of about 1% oflithium carbonate equivalent. The top most diffraction pattern in FIG. 6represents the XRPD pattern of materials neutralized using weaker acids,such as is described in Example 9.

Comparative Example 1

A resin based lithium aluminum intercalate material was synthesized asdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,159,311; 4,348,296; and 4,430,311, whereina weak base anion exchanger in the free base form, for example, DowexMarathon WBA, was contacted with a saturated solution of AlCl₃. Themixture, having a pH of approximately 0, was reacted at between about50° C. and 60° C., and was then titrated with concentrated NH₄OH toraise the pH to near neutrality, at which point Al(OH)₃ precipitated inand on the resin beads. Excess Al(OH)₃ and NH₄Cl were washed out withwater. The resin was then heated at about 75° C. to 80° C. to convertamorphous Al(OH)₃ into gibbsite, which served as a seed for subsequentprecipitation. The gibbsite-seeded resin was then reacted with sodiumaluminate solution at a pH of about 13 and then titrated with 37% HCl toreduce the pH to near neutral, and to grow Al(OH)₃ on the gibbsite seed.The mixture was then washed with water to remove excess NaCl and Al(OH)₃and was then heated at about 75° C. to 80° C. to the conversion of allintra-bead Al(OH)₃ into gibbsite. The gibbsite-loaded resin was thenreacted with LiOH at between about 55° C. to 60° C. to form a 3-layerpolytype lithium aluminate (LiAl₂(OH)₆OH) within the resin at a pH ofabout 12. The resin was then titrated with approximately 20% HCl toneutrality, to convert the OH form of the lithium aluminate to thechloride form. Excess lithium aluminate and lithium chloride removed bywashing with water. The procedure produced a resin having between about2 and 4 mmol of aluminum and between about 1 and 2 mmol lithium per mLof resin.

The resin based LAI synthesized according to the procedure above wasloaded into a column having a diameter of about 2.5 cm, a bed height ofabout 20 cm, and a bed volume of about 100 cm³. A total of 10 load,wash, and unload cycles were completed, wherein the first 5 cycles wereused to optimize flow and volume parameters and the next 5 cycles wererun semi-continuously using the optimized parameters. Loading capacityof the resin based LAI using a simulated brine as described herein wasabout 0.96 g/L.

FIG. 6 shows a comparison of the x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patternfor an LAI sorbent prepared according to Example 9 (top spectra), whichutilizes a three-dimensional activated alumina wherein the product LAIwas neutralized with acetic acid, an LAI sorbent prepared according toExample 3 (middle spectra), which similarly utilizes a three-dimensionalactivated alumina wherein the product LAI was neutralized with HCl, andan LAI sorbent composition made by a similar method using Gibbsite, atwo-dimensional alumina (bottom spectra). As can be seen by the x-raypowder diffraction patterns, the spectra for the LAI product utilizingthe three-dimensional activated alumina is different than the LAIproduct prepared using a two-dimensional Gibbsite alumina base. Forexample, the x-ray powder diffraction pattern of the three-dimensionalactivated alumina includes peaks that are not present in the Gibbsitebased LAI product indicates that a distinct composition of matter isprepared and plays a role in the improved performance. For example,additional peaks are found in the in the XRPD spectra at approximately15 deg., 28 deg., and 38 deg., as compared with the XRPD of the Gibbsitebased alumina. Additionally, the main peak at approximately 12 deg. isslightly shifted for the Gibbsite based alumina, as compared to thethree-dimensional activated alumina based LAI.

Referring still to FIG. 6, minor differences are shown in the XRPDspectra based upon whether acetic acid or HCl is utilized in theneutralization step. For example, the three-dimensional activatedalumina based LAI material that is neutralized with HCl includes a peakat about 40.5 deg., while the acetic acid neutralized product does notinclude a peak at 40.5 deg. These structural/compositional differencesappear to be important in the extraction of lithium with higherselectivity (i.e., lower impurities) and high lithium extractioncapacities.

As is understood in the art, not all equipment or apparatuses are shownin the figures. For example, one of skill in the art would recognizethat various holding tanks and/or pumps may be employed in the presentmethod.

The singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents, unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise.

Optional or optionally means that the subsequently described event orcircumstances may or may not occur. The description includes instanceswhere the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does notoccur.

Ranges may be expressed herein as from about one particular value,and/or to about another particular value. When such a range isexpressed, it is to be understood that another embodiment is from theone particular value and/or to the other particular value, along withall combinations within said range.

Throughout this application, where patents or publications arereferenced, the disclosures of these references in their entireties areintended to be incorporated by reference into this application, in orderto more fully describe the state of the art to which the inventionpertains, except when these reference contradict the statements madeherein.

As used herein, recitation of the term about and approximately withrespect to a range of values should be interpreted to include both theupper and lower end of the recited range.

Although the present invention has been described in detail, it shouldbe understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations canbe made hereupon without departing from the principle and scope of theinvention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should bedetermined by the following claims and their appropriate legalequivalents.

We claim:
 1. A method for preparing a sorbent composition for therecovery of lithium from a lithium containing brine, wherein the methodcomprises the steps of: preparing a lithium/activated aluminacomposition solid by contacting a lithium compound with athree-dimensionally structured porous activated alumina under conditionssufficient to infuse the activated alumina with the lithium compound toprovide a lithium intercalate material, wherein the mole ratio oflithium to aluminum in the intercalate material is up to about 0.5:1. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein the lithium compound comprises lithiumchloride.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the lithium compoundcomprises lithium hydroxide.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein thelithium compound further comprises lithium hydroxide.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the step of contacting the lithium salt with thethree-dimensionally structured porous activated alumina is performed inthe presence of a hydroxide, carboxylate, carbonate, borate, acetate,phosphates, phosphonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, sulfonate, nitrate,fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide of an alkaline or alkaline earthmetal.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the pH is greater than about10.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the alkaline or alkaline earthhydroxide is selected from sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, orpotassium hydroxide.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprisingneutralizing the infused the activated alumina with hydrochloric acid.9. The method of claim 1, further comprising neutralizing the infusedthe activated alumina with nitric acid.
 10. The method of claim 1,further comprising neutralizing the infused activated alumina with aweak acid buffer solution.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the weakacid for the buffer solution is selected from a carboxylic, boric,phosphonic, phosphoric, sulfonic, carbonic and bicarbonic acids.
 12. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the infused activated alumina is neutralizedwith solution comprising a weak acid and between about 5-25% by weightof a metal halide.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the weak acidbuffer comprises a carboxylic acid.
 14. The method of claim 13, whereinthe weak acid buffer is acetic acid.
 15. The method of claim 12, whereinthe metal halide comprises a metal chloride.
 16. The method of claim 1,wherein the activated alumina comprises more than one phase.
 17. Asorbent composition for the recovery of lithium from a lithiumcontaining solution, the sorbent composition comprising particulatematerial comprising an activated alumina lithium intercalatecomposition, wherein the activated alumina lithium intercalatecomposition is produced by infusing a three-dimensionally structuredactivated alumina with a lithium salt to produce a LiX/Al(OH)₃ solidhaving a mole fraction of lithium to alumina of up to about 0.33,wherein X is the anion of the lithium salt.
 18. The composition of claim17 wherein the lithium salt is lithium chloride.
 19. The composition ofclaim 17 wherein the lithium salt is lithium hydroxide.
 20. Thecomposition of claim 17 wherein the particulate material has an averagediameter of between about 200 and 800 μm.
 21. A method for the removaland recovery of lithium from lithium containing solution, comprising thesteps of: providing an extraction and recovery apparatus comprising asorbent composition that includes an activated alumina lithiumintercalate composition, wherein the sorbent composition is prepared bythe steps of contacting a lithium compound with a three-dimensionallystructured activated alumina and hydrochloric acid under conditionssufficient to infuse the activated alumina with the lithium compound,wherein the mole ratio of lithium to aluminum is up to about 0.5:1;washing the composition with at least one half bed volume of a washsolution comprising at least about 50 ppm lithium; supplying a lithiumcontaining solution to the extraction and recovery apparatus andcontacting said lithium containing solution with the sorbentcomposition, wherein the contacting step is sufficient to extractlithium chloride from the lithium containing solution; and recoveringextracted lithium chloride by washing the sorbent composition with thewash solution.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the lithium compoundcomprises lithium chloride.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein thelithium compound comprises lithium hydroxide.
 24. The method of claim21, wherein the steps for preparing the activated alumina lithiumintercalate composition further comprises the step of contacting thelithium compound and activated alumina in the presence of a hydroxideselected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide, or calcium hydroxide.
 25. The method of claim 21, wherein thesteps for preparing the activated alumina lithium intercalatecomposition further comprises the step of neutralizing the infusedactivated alumina lithium intercalate composition with a solutioncomprising a weak acid and a metal halide.
 26. The method of claim 25,wherein the weak acid comprises acetic acid and the metal halide is aalkali metal chloride.